Il congresso europeo 3R – il con
![](https://www.centro3r.it/sites/default/files/figuranuovaRefinement.jpg)
REFINEMENT
improving experimental design and methods to alleviate or minimise pain, suffering or distress in animals
![](https://www.centro3r.it/sites/default/files/Replacement.jpg)
REPLACEMENT
substitution of procedures on animals with alternative methods of equivalent or better validity and translational value
![](https://www.centro3r.it/sites/default/files/laboratory.jpg)
REDUCTION
reducing the number of animal used in scientific procedures